Influence of fertilizers and rice cultivation methods on the abundance and diversity of phyllosphere microbiome.

Rice paddies are man-made, cross-over ecologies of aquatic and terrestrial systems, which favor the proliferation of characteristic microbial communities. Moisture regimes under flooded and different levels of irrigation such as in direct seeded rice (DSR) and system of rice intensification (SRI) lead to modulation in crop physiology, soil nutrient availability, and the soil microbiome. However, the diversity of the rice phyllosphere microbiome is less investigated in terms of the influence of fertilizer application and the method of rice cultivation (conventional-flooded, DSR and SRI). Scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of bacteria as aggregates at microsites of the leaves. Phylogenetic analysis of the dominant culturable bacterial isolates using 16S rDNA sequences revealed that they belonged to the genera - Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Streptomyces. Fertilizer application brought about a distinct modulation in the communities belonging to phyla such as Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes, and Planctomyces, besides Proteobacteria. The cyanobacterial population was much influenced by the cultivation methods, particularly the SRI. Principal component analysis (PCA), involving the culturable phyllospheric microbial groups and leaf attributes (nutrients and pigments), illustrated the importance of leaf nitrogen and zinc. Also, the communities of the phylum Firmicutes exhibited marked changes in terms of the diversity, not only due to the cultivation method, but also the application of fertilizers. Thus, the cultivation methods and fertilizer application played important roles in modulating both the structural (taxonomical) and functional attributes of the phyllosphere microbiome.