Role of microRNA-33a in regulating the expression of PD-1 in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: MiRNAs are vital in functioning as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the cell cycle. Target transcripts for immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1/PD-L1 and (programmed cell death-1/its ligand and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) have proven to be beneficial against several solid tumors, including lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods: Simultaneous quantification of the expression level of miR-33a and -, - and mRNAs with NanoString technology was performed in 88 lung adenocarcinoma specimens. A cohort of 323 lung adenocarcinoma patients from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database was further analyzed, in order to test our hypothesis. Potential interference of -- and gene expression by miR-33a was predicted using the microRNA target prediction program

Results: High miR-33a expression was significantly associated with younger (p = 0.005), female (p = 0.04), patients with low grade (p < 0.0001), early stage (p = 0.03) tumors, and better survival. The hypothesis of the involvement of miR-33a in PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA4 mechanisms was corroborated by the finding of putative miR-33a binding sites in all three genes using the method. We found an inverse correlation between miR-33a and - levels (p = 0.01), as well as for - (p = 0.01) and (p = 0.03) expression, and a significant better prognosis for patients with high miR-33a/low -. TCGA database analysis confirmed that miR-33a high levels were associated with low PD-1 expression and with longer survival on a larger population.

Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the notion of a potential value of miR-33a as a favorable prognostic marker through - regulation.