Smokers' identity and quit advice in general practice: General practitioners need to focus more on female smokers.

Objective: We examined smoker and non-smoker self-identities among smokers visiting their general practitioner (GP) for other reasons than smoking cessation counselling. We determined whether identity impacted on patients' appreciation of GP-initiated conversations about smoking and quit advice, and subsequent quit attempts, and examined the role of gender.

Methods: Secondary analyses of a cluster-randomised controlled trial in which baseline and 12-month follow-up data were collected among 527 daily (n=450) and non-daily smokers (n=77).

Results: Participants identified more with smoking than non-smoking. Participants with stronger non-smoker self-identities were more often female, appreciated the conversation about smoking more, were more likely to receive quit-advice and to have attempted to quit at 12-month follow-up. Participants with stronger smoker self-identities were also more often female, and appreciated the conversation more. Men with stronger non-smoker self-identities were more often asked about smoking and advised to quit, and appreciated the conversation more than women.

Conclusion: Non-smoker identity was more important for receiving quit-advice, appreciation, and quit attempts than smoker identity. Future research needs to unravel why female smokers appreciated the conversation less than male smokers.

Practice Implications: We suggest to incorporate an identity-component in smoking cessation interventions. GPs should increase their focus on female patients who smoke.