Breaking the bad: blocks fungal virulence factors.

Fungal pathogens rely on the production of specific virulence factors during infection. Inhibiting such factors generally results in reduced fungal pathogenicity. Most studies in the past have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal virulence factor expression during mono-culture, or during interaction with the host. However, a potentially important, second type of interaction has been less well studied thus far - the interplay of fungal pathogens of humans with other microbes found in their natural habitat. Specifically, whether environmental bacteria may impact fungal virulence factor production is largely unknown. In our recent work, we have identified the soil bacterium, , as a potent inhibitor of virulence factor production by two major fungal pathogens of humans, , and . We determined that the anti-virulence factor mechanism is, at least in part, based on production of bacterial chitinases that target and destabilize the fungal cell surface. These findings describe a cross-kingdom interaction between an environmental bacterium and pathogenic fungi, and highlight the fungal cell wall as an attractive antifungal drug target.