Cybersecurity research often describes people as understanding internet security in terms of metaphorical mental models (e.g., disease risk, physical security risk, or criminal behavior risk). However, little research has directly evaluated if this is an accurate or productive framework. To assess this question, two experiments asked participants to respond to a statistical reasoning task framed in one of four different contexts (cybersecurity, plus the above alternative models). Each context was also presented using either percentages or natural frequencies, and these tasks were followed by a behavioral likelihood rating. As in previous research, consistent use of natural frequencies promoted correct Bayesian reasoning. There was little indication, however, that any of the alternative mental models generated consistently better understanding or reasoning over the actual cybersecurity context. There was some evidence that different models had some effects on patterns of responses, including the behavioral likelihood ratings, but these effects were small, as compared to the effect of the numerical format manipulation. This points to a need to improve the content of actual internet security warnings, rather than working to change the models users have of warnings.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01929 | DOI Listing |
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
January 2025
Observing Minds Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
Rationale: To examine the acute effects of ayahuasca use and their relationship to sub-acute changes in affect and mindfulness in a non-clinical sample, addressing the need for a better understanding of ayahuasca's immediate and short-term impacts as interest in its use grows.
Objectives: Using prospective ecological assessment, this study investigates how ayahuasca used at a 4-day retreat affects positive/negative affect and mindfulness skills in daily living compared to pre-retreat. Additionally, we explore acute psychedelic experiences during the ayahuasca retreat, assessed retrospectively 1-2 days post-retreat, as potential mechanisms for theorized effects in daily living post-retreat.
Child Neuropsychol
January 2025
Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
The Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) is a rating scale that evaluates everyday behaviors associated with executive functions in children. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and the measurement invariance across parents and teachers of the CHEXI in a sample of 279 Portuguese typically developing children (6 to 12 years old, = 160 girls and = 119 boys). Most studies only analyzed the original two-factor model, and the few that investigated the four-factor model found a nearly identical fit between both factor structures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Aims: Military veterans demonstrate high rates of heavy drinking and insomnia, but few if any studies have tested real-world, daily associations between sleep and alcohol use within this population. Moreover, although daily diary and experimental studies among civilians have found negative associations between alcohol use and sleep, these patterns change with consecutive days of drinking and may differ for those with insomnia. This study measured (a) acute and cumulative day-level associations between sleep and alcohol use among heavy-drinking US veterans and (b) the extent to which insomnia moderates these associations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Public Health
January 2025
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
Background: This study investigates the relationships between resilience dimensions, coping strategies, and prior disaster experience, focusing on disaster preparedness and avoidance behaviors in Taiwan.
Methods: A total of 550 participants were surveyed, with 57.82% being female and the majority aged between 21 and 40 years.
BMC Public Health
January 2025
Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Bâtiment Laveran, Paris, 75015, France.
Background: The capacity of the 7C model's psychological antecedents, which include confidence in vaccines, complacency, convenience, calculation, collective responsibility, confidence in the wider system, and social conformism, to explain variance in COVID-19 vaccine intentions and behaviours has been documented. However, it remains unclear whether the attitudes represented by the 7C psychological antecedents are specific to vaccination or if they are, in fact, an expression of underlying personality traits.
Methods: From February to June 2022, French adults completed self-administered questionnaires assessing COVID-19 vaccination history, the 7C antecedents, and personality traits ("ComCor" and "Cognitiv" studies).
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