Diffusion-weighted MRI and intravoxel incoherent motion model for diagnosis of pediatric solid abdominal tumors.

Background: Pediatric retroperitoneal tumors in the renal bed are often large and heterogeneous, and their diagnosis based on conventional imaging alone is not possible. More advanced imaging methods, such as diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI and the use of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), have the potential to provide additional biomarkers that could facilitate their noninvasive diagnosis.

Purpose: To assess the use of an IVIM model for diagnosis of childhood malignant abdominal tumors and discrimination of benign from malignant lesions.

Study Type: Retrospective.

Population: Forty-two pediatric patients with abdominal lesions (n = 32 malignant, n = 10 benign), verified by histopathology.

Field Strength/sequence: 1.5T MRI system and a DW-MRI sequence with six b-values (0, 50, 100, 150, 600, 1000 s/mm ).

Assessment: Parameter maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and IVIM maps of slow diffusion coefficient (D), fast diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were computed using a segmented fitting model. Histograms were constructed for whole-tumor regions of each parameter.

Statistical Tests: Comparison of histogram parameters of and their diagnostic performance was determined using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results: IVIM parameters D* and f were significantly higher in neuroblastoma compared to Wilms' tumors (P < 0.05). The ROC analysis showed that the best diagnostic performance was achieved with D* 90 percentile (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.935; P = 0.002; cutoff value = 32,376 × 10 mm /s) and f mean values (AUC = 1.00; P < 0.001; cutoff value = 14.7) in discriminating between neuroblastoma (n = 11) and Wilms' tumors (n = 8). Discrimination between tumor types was not possible with IVIM D or ADC parameters. Malignant tumors revealed significantly lower ADC, D, and higher D* values than in benign lesions (all P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion: IVIM perfusion parameters could distinguish between malignant childhood tumor types, providing potential imaging biomarkers for their diagnosis.

Level Of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1475-1486.