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Lanthanum toxicity to five different species of soil invertebrates in relation to availability in soil. | LitMetric

Lanthanum toxicity to five different species of soil invertebrates in relation to availability in soil.

Chemosphere

Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address:

Published: February 2018

AI Article Synopsis

  • The study investigated the toxicity levels of lanthanum, a common rare earth element, on five soil invertebrate species after 3-4 weeks of exposure, revealing varying sensitivity among them.
  • Isopods were found to be the most sensitive, followed by earthworms, enchytraeids, springtails, and oribatid mites, with effective concentration (EC) values ranging significantly based on the invertebrate species and exposure scenario.
  • The research indicated that lanthanum concentrations exceeding approximately 50 mg/kg could potentially harm soil ecosystems, especially considering its natural background levels in non-polluted soils.

Article Abstract

This study determined the toxicity of lanthanum, one of the most commonly used rare earth elements (REEs), to five representative soil invertebrates after 3-4 weeks exposure. Toxicity was related to total, 0.01 M CaCl-extractable and porewater concentrations in the standard LUFA 2.2 soil, and for earthworms also to body concentrations. La sorption to LUFA 2.2 soil, estimated by relating total soil concentrations to CaCl-extractable or porewater concentrations seemed to reach saturation at >1000 mg La/kg dry soil. Isopod (Porcellio scaber) growth was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by earthworm (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus), springtail (Folsomia candida) and oribatid mite (Oppia nitens) reproduction, with ECs of 312 (95% confidence interval: 5.6-619), 529 (295-762), 1010 ((>377 < 3133), 1220 (1180-1250) and 1500 (1250-1750) mg La/kg dry soil, respectively. ECs related to CaCl-extractable concentrations ranged between 1.3 (0.046-2.6) and 15.6 (5.6-25.7) mg La/kg dry soil, while porewater-based ECs were 3.5 (-) and 10.2 (-) mg/L for the springtails and mites, respectively. La uptake in the earthworms linearly increased with increasing exposure concentration with bioaccumulation factors ranging between 0.04 and 0.53 (average ± SE: 0.24 ± 0.032). EC for effects on earthworm reproduction related to internal concentrations was 184 (61-301) mg La/kg dry body weight. A risk assessment based on the available toxicity for soil invertebrates, bacteria and plants resulted in an HC of approx. 50 mg La/kg dry soil, suggesting that La may affect soil ecosystems at concentrations slightly above natural background levels (6.6-50 mg La/kg dry soil) in non-polluted soils.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.040DOI Listing

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