This retrospective convenient sample case-control study investigated the peri-implant soft-tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss (CBL) among narghile smokers (NS) (Group I) and nonsmoking controls (Group II). Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP) and pocket-depth (PD) were assessed; and peri-implant CBL was measured on standardized digital bite-wing radiographs. Sample-size was estimated and statistical analysis were done using Mann-Whitney U-test. Level of significance was set at p < .05. Seventy-two male individuals (35 in Group I and 37 in Group II) were included. The mean age of individuals in Groups I and II were 45.3 ± 5.2 and 42.6 ± 3.3 years, correspondingly. In Group 1, the duration and daily frequency of narghile smoking was 17.5 ± 1.6 years and 6.3 ± 0.5 times per day, respectively. The mean duration of each narghile smoking session was 28.5 ± 0.6 min. The mean peri-implant PI (p < .05), PD (p < .05) and mesial (p < .05) and distal (p < .05) CBL were statistically significantly higher among individuals in Group I compared with Group II. BOP was significantly higher in Group II than Group I (p < .05). Narghile smoking increases peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation and CBL.
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