Effect of Rubidium Incorporation on the Structural, Electrical, and Photovoltaic Properties of Methylammonium Lead Iodide-Based Perovskite Solar Cells.

We report the electrical properties of rubidium-incorporated methylammonium lead iodide ((RbMA)PbI) films and the photovoltaic performance of (RbMA)PbI film-based p-i-n-type perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The incorporation of a small amount of Rb (x = 0.05) increases both the open circuit voltage (V) and the short circuit photocurrent density (J) of the PSCs, leading to an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, a high fraction of Rb incorporation (x = 0.1 and 0.2) decreases the J and thus the PCE, which is attributed to the phase segregation of the single tetragonal perovskite phase to a MA-rich tetragonal perovskite phase and a RbPbI orthorhombic phase at high Rb fractions. Conductive atomic force microscopic and admittance spectroscopic analyses reveal that the single-phase (RbMA)PbI film has a high electrical conductivity because of a reduced deep-level trap density. We also found that Rb substitution enhances the diode characteristics of the PSC, as evidenced by the reduced reverse saturation current (J). The optimized (RbMA)PbI PSCs exhibited a PCE of 18.8% with negligible hysteresis in the photocurrent-voltage curve. The results from this work enhance the understanding of the effect of Rb incorporation into organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites and enable the exploration of Rb-incorporated mixed perovskites for various applications, such as solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes.