Although there is debate in the scientific and clinical literature about how much choice addicts have concerning the use of drugs and related activities, this article demonstrates that Anglo-American criminal law is most consistent with the position that addicts have substantial choice about engaging in crimes involving their addiction. It suggests that the criminal law's approach is consistent with plausible and reasonable current scientific and clinical understanding of addiction and is therefore defensible, but it also suggests that the law is unduly harsh and far from optimum.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000150 | DOI Listing |
Health Justice
January 2025
Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide introduced law enforcement measures to deter and punish breaches of emergency public health orders. For example, in Victoria, Australia, discretionary fines of A$1,652 were issued for breaching stay-at-home orders, and A$4,957 fines for 'unlawful gatherings'; to date, approximately 30,000 fines remain outstanding or not paid in full. Studies globally have revealed how the expansion of policing powers produced significant collateral damage for marginalized populations, including people from low-income neighboorhoods, Indigenous Peoples, sex workers, and people from culturally diverse backgrounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHague J Rule Law
March 2024
Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Judges play a key role in the implementation of transitional justice mechanisms. Yet, less attention has been paid so far to the question of how to address their collaboration with non-democratic regimes. In theory, judges can be subjected to virtually all transitional justice mechanisms ranging from criminal prosecution and lustration to truth-seeking, or even amnesties.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolicing (Oxf)
April 2024
Kathryn J. Spearman, MSN, RN, PhD candidate, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing (Baltimore, MD, USA).
Domestic violence is a commonplace and serious societal problem with vast public health and economic consequences. Childhood exposure to domestic violence can blight children's biological and social development. Often, local police departments are first responders to domestic violence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Dep. Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, LA, The Netherlands.
The increasing use of recreational nitrous oxide ([Formula: see text]O) in the Netherlands and its link to traffic accidents highlights the need for reliable detection methods for law enforcement. This study focused on ex vivo detection of [Formula: see text]O in exhaled breath and examining its persistence in the human body. Firstly, a low-cost portable infrared based detector was selected and validated to detect [Formula: see text]O in air.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA
January 2025
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
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