Second-order conditioning (SOC; i.e., conditioned responding to S2 as a result of S1-US pairings followed by S2-S1 pairings) is generally explained by either a direct S2→US association or by an associative chain (i.e., S2→S1→US). Previous research found that differences in responses to S2 after S1 was extinguished often depended on the nature of the S2-S1 pairings (i.e., sequential or simultaneous). In two experiments with human participants, we examined the possibility that such differences result from S1 evoking S2 during extinction of S1 following simultaneous but not sequential S2-S1 pairings. This evocation of S2 by S1 following simultaneous pairings may have paired the evoked representation of S2 with absence of the outcome, thereby facilitating mediated extinction of S2. Using sequential S2-S1 pairings, both Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support this account of how extinction of S1 reduced responding to S2. Experiment 1 found that extinguishing S1 reduced responding to S2, while extinguishing S2 had little effect on responses to S1, although forward evocation of S1 during extinction of S2 paired the evoked representation of S1 with absence of the outcome. In Experiment 2, evocation of S2 during S1 nonreinforced trials was prevented because S2-S1 pairings followed (rather than proceeded) S1-alone exposures. Nevertheless, responding to S2 at test mimicked S1 responding. Responding to S2 was high in the context in which S1 had been reinforced and low in the context in which S1 had been nonreinforced. Collectively, these experiments provide additional support for the associative-chain account of SOC.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-017-0299-5 | DOI Listing |
Int J Psychophysiol
December 2024
Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address:
Interoception is crucial to the experience of bodily complaints in chronic conditions. Fear can distort the perception of sensations like breathlessness and pain, yet few studies investigated the effects of conditioned fear on both self-report and neural processing of these sensations. In the current study, we conditioned fear of neutral female faces in healthy adults, pairing certain faces (CS+) with an aversive scream.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSomatosens Mot Res
May 2024
Faculty of Engineering, Nara Women's University, Nara City, Japan.
Aim Of The Study: Sensory gating is a human higher cognitive function that serves to suppress excessive sensory information and prevent brain overactivity. To elucidate this function, a paired-pulse stimulation paradigm has been used while recording electroencephalography (EEG), and evaluated as an amplitude ratio of responses to a second stimulus (S2) over responses to the first stimulus (S1). The present study investigated the effects of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and inter-trial interval (ITI) on somatosensory gating using somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFERJ Open Res
January 2024
Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Background: Neural gating of respiratory sensations (NGRS) characterises the brain's ability to filter out repetitive respiratory sensory stimuli. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the neural processing of respiratory stimuli. However, whether ageing affects NGRS in healthy adults is still unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Neurosci
February 2024
School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
It is widely accepted that fear memories are consolidated through protein synthesis-dependent changes in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). However, recent studies show that protein synthesis is required to consolidate the memory of a new dangerous experience when it is similar to a prior experience. Here, we examined whether the protein synthesis requirement for consolidating the new experience varies with its spatial and temporal distance from the prior experience.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Neurophysiol
November 2023
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Objective: Neuronal loss in the somatosensory, as well as the motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), indicative of a structural abnormality has been reported. Previously we have shown that afferent inhibition was impaired in ALS, suggestive of sensory involvement. In this study, we aimed to evaluate excitability changes in the somatosensory cortex of ALS patients.
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