Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Pulmonary fibrosis is a relatively rare but devastating disease characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. The increased matrix results in reduced lung compliance and increased work of breathing, while the obliteration of alveolar-capillary structures can result in hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension, which manifests clinically as worsening shortness of breath, respiratory failure, and death. Unbiased genome-wide association studies combined with animal models suggest that damage to the alveolar epithelium is the initiating factor in pulmonary fibrosis. This epithelial injury leads to the activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix proteins characteristic of fibrosis. The best described molecular link between alveolar epithelial dysfunction and myofibroblast activation and proliferation is the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). We and others have found that mitochondrial and NAD(P)H oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a signaling role to enhance TGF-β signaling and promote fibrosis. The purpose of this article is to review how ROS signaling leads to the activation of TGF-β. We suggest that an improved understanding of these pathways might explain the failure of nonselective antioxidants to improve outcomes in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and might identify novel targets for therapy.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5730357 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.09.005 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!