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Detecting the effects of coal mining, acid rain, and natural gas extraction in Appalachian basin streams in Pennsylvania (USA) through analysis of barium and sulfate concentrations. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - To understand water resource impacts from energy extraction, researchers assessed changes in water chemistry in Pennsylvania streams compared to pristine backgrounds, which is challenging due to human activity.
  • - A dataset of sulfate ([SO]) and barium ([Ba]) concentrations was compiled from 1904 to 2014 to identify pristine streams and estimate baseline concentrations, revealing a statewide [SO] baseline of 15.8 mg/L and a [Ba] baseline of 27.7 µg/L.
  • - Findings indicate that sulfate increases mainly stem from coal mining activities, while slight barium increases are associated with shale gas development and its environmental influences, although the primary impacts are from coal rather than oil and gas.

Article Abstract

To understand how extraction of different energy sources impacts water resources requires assessment of how water chemistry has changed in comparison with the background values of pristine streams. With such understanding, we can develop better water quality standards and ecological interpretations. However, determination of pristine background chemistry is difficult in areas with heavy human impact. To learn to do this, we compiled a master dataset of sulfate and barium concentrations ([SO], [Ba]) in Pennsylvania (PA, USA) streams from publically available sources. These elements were chosen because they can represent contamination related to oil/gas and coal, respectively. We applied changepoint analysis (i.e., likelihood ratio test) to identify pristine streams, which we defined as streams with a low variability in concentrations as measured over years. From these pristine streams, we estimated the baseline concentrations for major bedrock types in PA. Overall, we found that 48,471 data values are available for [SO] from 1904 to 2014 and 3243 data for [Ba] from 1963 to 2014. Statewide [SO] baseline was estimated to be 15.8 ± 9.6 mg/L, but values range from 12.4 to 26.7 mg/L for different bedrock types. The statewide [Ba] baseline is 27.7 ± 10.6 µg/L and values range from 25.8 to 38.7 µg/L. Results show that most increases in [SO] from the baseline occurred in areas with intensive coal mining activities, confirming previous studies. Sulfate inputs from acid rain were also documented. Slight increases in [Ba] since 2007 and higher [Ba] in areas with higher densities of gas wells when compared to other areas could document impacts from shale gas development, the prevalence of basin brines, or decreases in acid rain and its coupled effects on [Ba] related to barite solubility. The largest impacts on PA stream [Ba] and [SO] are related to releases from coal mining or burning rather than oil and gas development.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0031-6DOI Listing

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