Protocols for successful differentiation of male and female gametes from induced pluripotent stem cells have been published. Although culture of precursor cells in a natural microenvironment remains necessary to achieve terminal differentiation, the creation of human preimplantation embryos from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes is technically feasible. Such embryos could provide a solution to the scarcity of human cleavage-stage embryos donated for research. Here, we discuss current technology, major research-related ethical concerns and propose the norms that would assure the quality and reliability of such embryos.
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