The History of Japanese Anesthesiology.

Anesthesia in Japan has a 200-year history, beginning when Seishū Hanaoka first conducted surgery successfully under general anesthesia in 1804. Despite common belief, Hanaoka was not secretive about his technique using Mafutsusan, and he spawned a generation of Japanese anesthetists, including Gendai Kamada, author of several influential texts. Japanese anesthetists adopted inhalational techniques as they became available. In 1954, the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists was established; in 1960, "Anesthesiology" was accredited by Japanese government as an officially approved medical specialty; and in 1963, board examinations were established to be an instructor of anesthesia. In 2011, the Japanese Museum of Anesthesiology opened in Kobe, with the mission to collect and preserve literature and equipment related to the history of Japanese anesthesia (Figure 1).