The utilization of tissue culture in neurobiological studies is discussed for all phyla phylogenetically preceding Phylum Arthropoda. Only two phyla, Mollusca and Annelida, are represented in such studies. The members of Phylum Mollusca which have been so investigated are Aplysia, Helisoma and Lymnaea. The mollusc Aplysia has been used to investigate several processes, including neurosecretion, synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis. Helisoma was employed to study factors regulating neurite growth and the specificity of synapse formation; mechanisms of neurite growth were investigated in the snail Lymnaea. The only member of Phylum Annelida involved in appropriate studies has been the leech Hirudo. This organism was used to investigate axonal regeneration and synaptic mechanisms.
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