A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Role of TIM-4 in exosome-dependent entry of HIV-1 into human immune cells. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Exosomes are tiny nanostructures (30-200 nm) released by cells that help some viruses, like HIV-1, enter other cells, and they can be found in various body fluids such as blood and breast milk.
  • - Researchers successfully isolated exosomes from human breast milk and plasma, confirming their presence and characteristics through techniques like nanoparticle tracking and Western blotting.
  • - The study showed that HIV-1 uses exosomes to enter immune cells, indicating that exosomes enhance viral entry and that blocking specific receptors (TIMs) can significantly hinder this process.

Article Abstract

Exosomes, 30-200 nm nanostructures secreted from donor cells and internalized by recipient cells, can play an important role in the cellular entry of some viruses. These microvesicles are actively secreted into various body fluids, including blood, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. We successfully isolated exosomes from human breast milk and plasma. The size and concentration of purified exosomes were measured by nanoparticle tracking, while Western blotting confirmed the presence of the exosomal-associated proteins CD9 and CD63, clathrin, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin proteins (TIMs). Through viral infection assays, we determined that HIV-1 utilizes an exosome-dependent mechanism for entry into human immune cells. The virus contains high amounts of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and may bind PtdSer receptors, such as TIMs. This mechanism is supported by our findings that exosomes from multiple sources increased HIV-1 entry into T cells and macrophages, and viral entry was potently blocked with anti-TIM-4 antibodies.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505621PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S132762DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

human immune
8
immune cells
8
breast milk
8
entry
5
cells
5
role tim-4
4
tim-4 exosome-dependent
4
exosome-dependent entry
4
entry hiv-1
4
hiv-1 human
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!