Immune modulation of the scaffolds not only reduces the host immunological rejection response, but also improves the regenerative cell migration into the scaffolds. Herein a convenient immune modulation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold is applied with macrophages of different phenotypes to evaluate its influence on the migration behavior of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). With pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) pre-loading, BMSCs migrate significantly faster into the PLGA scaffold, compared with those in the control scaffold or pre-seeded with inactivated macrophages (M0). The pore size of PLGA scaffolds is found to take a more important role, as the one with a larger pore size significantly enhance migration of BMSCs no matter the pre-seeding of macrophages. The enhanced cell migration in the macrophage-modulated scaffold can provide a new protocol for in situ tissue regeneration by recruiting endogenous cells.
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