Understanding anomalous transport and reaction kinetics due to microscopic physical and chemical disorder is a long-standing goal in many fields including geophysics, biology, and engineering. We consider reaction-diffusion characterized by fluctuations in both transport times and decay rates. We introduce and analyze a model framework that explicitly connects microscopic fluctuations with the mescoscopic description. For broad distributions of transport and reaction time scales we compute the particle density and derive the equations governing its evolution, finding power-law decay of the survival probability, and spatially varying decay that leads to subdiffusion and an asymptotically stationary surviving-particle density. These anomalies are clearly attributable to non-Markovian effects that couple transport and chemical properties in both reaction and diffusion terms.
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Virus Evol
November 2024
Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
Hypermutated proviruses, which arise in a single Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication cycle when host antiviral APOBEC3 proteins introduce extensive guanine to adenine mutations throughout the viral genome, persist in all people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, hypermutated sequences are routinely excluded from phylogenetic trees because their extensive mutations complicate phylogenetic inference, and as a result, we know relatively little about their within-host evolutionary origins and dynamics. Using >1400 longitudinal single-genome-amplified HIV sequences isolated from six women over a median of 18 years of follow-up-including plasma HIV RNA sequences collected over a median of 9 years between seroconversion and ART initiation, and >500 proviruses isolated over a median of 9 years on ART-we evaluated three approaches for masking hypermutation in nucleotide alignments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCureus
January 2025
Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU.
Background: Adolescence is critical for developing lifelong health habits, including oral hygiene. While the effects of smoking on oral health are well-documented in adults, research focusing on adolescents remains limited.
Objective: This paper aims to investigate the prevalence of smoking and its relationship with oral health outcomes, socioeconomic variables, and oral hygiene practices among high school students in Madinah.
J Theor Biol
January 2025
Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA; Institut de Biologie, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, 75005, France; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA. Electronic address:
Virus population dynamics are driven by counter-balancing forces of production and loss. Whereas viral production arises from complex interactions with susceptible hosts, the loss of infectious virus particles is often approximated as a first-order kinetic process. As such, experimental protocols to measure infectious virus loss are not typically designed to identify non-exponential decay processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Samsun University, 55420 Samsun, Turkey.
This study addresses the thermal management challenge in battery systems by enhancing phase change material composites with Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu coatings on phase change material/expanded graphite structures. Traditional phase change materials are limited by low thermal conductivity and mechanical stability, which restricts their effectiveness in high-demand applications. Unlike previous studies, this work integrates Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu coatings to significantly improve both the thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of phase change material/expanded graphite composites, filling a crucial gap in battery thermal management solutions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Biol Macromol
January 2025
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:
Postharvest fruit decay caused by pathogens is an important factor leading to product waste and economic losses, and fruit coating is considered an effective strategy to solve this problem due to its simple operation and effectiveness. In this study, nano modified chitosan film (CSC) was created by mixing chitosan (CS) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized using abandoned Ficus carica fruit. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the formation of intermolecular interactions between CS and CuO NPs in the composite film.
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