Anemia is a frequent complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is often accompanied by various clinical symptoms. The primary cause of anemia in CKD patients is the reduction in the erythropoietin production, which results in a decrease of signaling molecule that stimulates red blood cell production. Other possible causes of anemia in CKD include iron deficiency, inflammation, and the accumulation of uremic toxin. This chapter focuses the discussion on the strategy of the management of anemia in patients with CKD. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and adjuvant iron therapy represent the primary treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease. The introduction of ESAs into clinical practice was a success goal, mediating an increase in hemoglobin concentrations without the risk for recurrent blood transfusions and improving quality of life substantially.
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