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The cadmium (Cd) concentration in the environment has increased as a consequence of anthropogenic activity. The objective of this study was to determine early signs of Cd toxicity in testes and sperm as possible biomarkers. The dose orally administered to Wistar rats was within the range where chronic toxicity can appear. At the light microscopic level, gonads presented preserved cytoarchitecture throughout treatment; however, after the second month, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed disruption of the blood-testis barrier. The study of sperm with light microscopy showed defects in gamete morphology after 2 months of treatment. Another parameter that revealed alteration was sperm motility after 3 months of treatment. TEM was used to analyze the flagellum, which in the midpiece showed aberrant mitochondria and displacement of outer dense fibers in relation to the central axoneme after 2 months. The data obtained were associated with Cd concentration in the testes, an increase in its levels being observed in a time-dependent manner. The results provided in this study demonstrated that early signs of Cd toxicity were observed in gonads and gametes during the second month of the treatment, generating morphological and functional alterations in the sperm that could lead to infertility.
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