About 99% of total body calcium is present in bone. Therefore, negative calcium balance usually means reduction of bone mass. Negative calcium balance is induced by aging from several mechanisms such as reduced renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D[1,25(OH)D], intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)D and increased renal excretion of calcium. However, it is largely unknown how calcium balance is physiologically maintained.
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