Single-lead f-wave extraction using diffusion geometry.

Objective: A novel single-lead f-wave extraction algorithm based on the modern diffusion geometry data analysis framework is proposed.

Approach: The algorithm is essentially an averaged beat subtraction algorithm, where the ventricular activity template is estimated by combining a newly designed metric, the 'diffusion distance', and the non-local Euclidean median based on the non-linear manifold setup. We coined the algorithm [Formula: see text].

Main Results: Two simulation schemes are considered, and the new algorithm [Formula: see text] outperforms traditional algorithms, including the average beat subtraction, principal component analysis, and adaptive singular value cancellation, in different evaluation metrics with statistical significance.

Significance: The clinical potential is shown in the real Holter signal, and we introduce a new score to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.