Benchmarking life expectancy and cancer mortality: global comparison with cardiovascular disease 1981-2010.

 To quantify the impact of cancer (all cancers combined and major sites) compared with cardiovascular disease (CVD) on longevity worldwide during 1981-2010. Retrospective demographic analysis using aggregated data. National civil registration systems in member states of the World Health Organization. 52 populations with moderate to high quality data on cause specific mortality. Disease specific contributions to changes in life expectancy in ages 40-84 (LE) over time in populations grouped by two levels of Human Development Index (HDI) values. Declining CVD mortality rates during 1981-2010 contributed to, on average, over half of the gains in LE; the corresponding gains were 2.3 (men) and 1.7 (women) years, and 0.5 (men) and 0.8 (women) years in very high and medium and high HDI populations, respectively. Declines in cancer mortality rates contributed to, on average, 20% of the gains in LE or 0.8 (men) and 0.5 (women) years in very high HDI populations, and to over 10% or 0.2 years (both sexes) in medium and high HDI populations. Declining lung cancer mortality rates brought about the largest LE gain in men in very high HDI populations (up to 0.7 years in the Netherlands), whereas in medium and high HDI populations its contribution was smaller yet still positive. Among women, declines in breast cancer mortality rates were largely responsible for the improvement in longevity, particularly among very high HDI populations (up to 0.3 years in the United Kingdom). In contrast, losses in LE were observed in many medium and high HDI populations as a result of increasing breast cancer mortality rates. The control of CVD has led to substantial gains in LE worldwide. The inequality in improvement in longevity attributed to declining cancer mortality rates reflects inequities in implementation of cancer control, particularly in less resourced populations and in women. Global actions are needed to revitalize efforts for cancer control, with a specific focus on less resourced countries.