Interrogating Charge Storage on Redox Active Colloids via Combined Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.

Redox active colloids (RACs) are dispersible, cross-linked polymeric materials that incorporate a high concentration of redox-active motifs, making them attractive for next-generation size-exclusion redox flow batteries. In order to tap into their full potential for energy storage, it is essential to understand their internal charge mobility, capacity, and cyclability. Here we focus on using a combined suite of Raman spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) tools for evaluating three important parameters that govern charge storage in viologen-RACs: their intraparticle redox active concentration, their reduction/oxidation mechanism, and their charge transfer rate. We addressed RACs using SECM imaging and single-particle experiments, from which the intraparticle diffusion and concentration parameters were elucidated. By using Raman spectroscopy coupled to surface interrogation SECM, we further evaluated their reversible redox properties within monolayer films of 80- and 135-nm-sized RACs. Most notably we have confirmed that the concentration and redox mechanisms are essentially unchanged when varying the RAC size. As expected, we see that larger particles inherently require longer times for electrolysis independent of the methodology used for their study. Our simulations further verify the internal concentration of RACs and suggest that their porosity enables solution redox active mediators to penetrate and titrate charge in their interior. The combined methodology presented here sets an important analytical precedent in decoupling the charge storage properties of new bulk materials for polymer batteries starting from probing low-dimensional assemblies and single particles using nano- and spectroelectrochemical approaches.