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Control of biting lice, Mallophaga - a review. | LitMetric

Control of biting lice, Mallophaga - a review.

Acta Trop

Department of Agriculture, Food Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80,56124 Pisa, Italy.

Published: January 2018

AI Article Synopsis

  • Chewing lice (Mallophaga) are common parasites found primarily on terrestrial birds and livestock, causing skin irritations and potential economic losses for farmers.
  • Current control methods include synthetic insecticides, but their overuse raises health and environmental concerns, indicating a need for alternative strategies.
  • Research on natural control methods, such as entomopathogenic fungi and plant-based insecticides like neem, shows promise, yet knowledge on effective control and the ecological roles of Mallophaga remains limited.

Article Abstract

The chewing lice (Mallophaga) are common parasites of different animals. Most of them infest terrestrial and marine birds, including pigeons, doves, swans, cormorants and penguins. Mallophaga have not been found on marine mammals but only on terrestrial ones, including livestock and pets. Their bites damage cattle, sheep, goats, horses and poultry, causing itch and scratch and arousing phthiriasis and dermatitis. Notably, Mallophaga can vector important parasites, such as the filarial heartworm Sarconema eurycerca. Livestock losses due to chewing lice are often underestimated, maybe because farmers notice the presence of the biting lice only when the infestation is too high. In this review, we examined current knowledge on the various strategies available for Mallophaga control. The effective management of their populations has been obtained through the employ of several synthetic insecticides. However, pesticide overuse led to serious concerns for human health and the environment. Natural enemies of Mallophaga are scarcely studied. Their biological control with predators and parasites has not been explored yet. However, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae has been reported as effective in vitro and in vivo experiments against Damalinia bovis infestation on cattle. Furthermore, different Bacillus thuringiensis preparations have been tested against Mallophaga, the most effective were B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, kenyae and morrisoni. Lastly, plant-borne insecticides have been evaluated against Mallophaga. Tested products mainly contained bioactive principles from two Meliaceae, Azadirachta indica, and Carapa guianensis. High efficacy of neem-borne preparations was reported, leading to the development of several products currently marketed. Overall, our review highlighted that our knowledge about Mallophaga vector activity and control is extremely patchy. Their control still relied on the employ of chemical pesticides widely used to fight other primary pests and vectors of livestock, such as ticks, while the development of eco-friendly control tool is scarce. Behavior-based control of Mallophaga, using pheromone-based lures or even the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) may also represent a potential route for their control, but our limited knowledge on their behavioral ecology and chemical communication strongly limit any possible approach.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.031DOI Listing

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