Background And Purpose: Genomic analysis has shown many variants in both CHRNA4 and CHRNB2, genes which encode the α4 and β2 subunits of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) respectively. Some variants influence receptor expression, raising the possibility that CHRNA4 variants may affect response to tobacco use in humans. Chronic exposure to nicotine increases expression of nAChRs, particularly α4β2-nAChRs, in humans and laboratory animals. Here, we have evaluated whether the initial level of receptor expression affects the increase in expression.
Experimental Approach: Mice differing in expression of α4 and/or β2 nAChR subunits were chronically treated with saline, 0.25, 1.0 or 4.0 mg·kg ·h nicotine. Brain preparations were analysed autoradiographically by [ I]-epibatidine binding, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting.
Key Results: Immunochemical studies confirmed that most of the [ H]-epibatidine binding corresponds to α4β2*-nAChR and that increases in binding correspond to increases in α4 and β2 proteins. Consistent with previous reports, the dose-dependent increase in nAChR in wild-type mice following chronic nicotine treatment, measured with any of the methods, reached a maximum. Although receptor expression was reduced by approximately 50% in β2 mice, the pattern of response to chronic treatment resembled that of wild-type mice. In contrast, both α4 and α4 /β2 exhibited relatively greater up-regulation. Consistent with previous reports, α4β2α5-nAChR did not increase in response to nicotine.
Conclusions And Implications: These results indicate that mice with reduced expression of the α4 nAChR subunit have a more robust response to chronic nicotine than mice with normal expression of this subunit.
Linked Articles: This article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.13896 | DOI Listing |
ACS Synth Biol
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Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Room 2109, Partners II, 840 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States.
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View Article and Find Full Text PDFREV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ proteins play crucial roles in linking the circadian system to overt daily rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior. In most tissues, REV-ERBα protein robustly cycles such that it is detected only within a tight interval of 4-6 hours each day, suggesting both its synthesis and degradation are tightly controlled. Several ubiquitin ligases are known to drive REV-ERBα degradation, but how they interact with REV-ERBα and which lysine residues they ubiquitinate to promote degradation are unknown.
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Bacillus, an excellent organic-degrading agent, can degrade lignocellulose. Notably, some B. velezensis strains encode lignocellulases.
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