To determine the outcome of the combined effects of gene flow, genetic drift, and selection on the evolution of insecticide-resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens, samples were collected along three transects crossing treated and nontreated areas in northern Spain and southern France. Electrophoretic polymorphisms of five presumably neutral genes disclosed that differentiation among samples was low, and that both Wright F-statistics and Slatkin private-alleles methods provided a high estimate for Nm. In contrast, there was a strong differentiation in the distribution of resistance genes closely associated with insecticide treatments. These divergent situations are explained in relation to both the very recent origin of some resistance genes that are still localized geographically (A2-B2 and C1), and the high fitness cost of the older and ubiquitous ones in nontreated areas (A1, A4-B4, and Ace ).
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