AI Article Synopsis
- Researchers explored multi-body kinematics optimization (MKO) and extended Kalman filters (EKF) to reduce the impact of soft tissue artifact (STA) on measuring skeletal movement using skin markers.
- Embedding an STA model into these methods significantly improved marker tracking accuracy, lowering the root mean square (RMS) error from 12.6 mm to 1.6 mm for MKO and from 4.3 mm to 1.9 mm for EKF.
- While MKO showed a slight increase in the error of joint kinematics estimates with the STA model, EKF demonstrated a reduction in error, making it a more effective method for addressing STA effects.
Article Abstract
To reduce the impact of the soft tissue artefact (STA) on the estimate of skeletal movement using stereophotogrammetric and skin-marker data, multi-body kinematics optimisation (MKO) and extended Kalman filters (EKF) have been proposed. This paper assessed the feasibility and efficiency of these methods when they embed a mathematical model of the STA and simultaneously estimate the ankle, knee and hip joint kinematics and the model parameters. A STA model was used that provides an estimate of the STA affecting the marker-cluster located on a body segment as a function of the kinematics of the adjacent joints. The MKO and the EKF were implemented with and without the STA model. To assess these methods, intra-cortical pin and skin markers located on the thigh, shank, and foot of three subjects and tracked during the stance phase of running were used. Embedding the STA model in MKO and EKF reduced the average RMS of marker tracking from 12.6 to 1.6mm and from 4.3 to 1.9mm, respectively, showing that a STA model trial-specific calibration is feasible. Nevertheless, with the STA model embedded in MKO, the RMS difference between the estimated and the reference joint kinematics determined from the pin markers slightly increased (from 2.0 to 2.1deg) On the contrary, when the STA model was embedded in the EKF, this RMS difference was slightly reduced (from 2.0 to 1.7deg) thus showing a better potentiality of this method to attenuate STA effects and improve the accuracy of joint kinematics estimate.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.04.033 | DOI Listing |
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