Sensory information processing is a fundamental operation in the brain that is based on dynamic interactions between different neuronal populations. Astrocytes, a type of glial cells, have been proposed to represent active elements of brain microcircuits that, through dynamic interactions with neurons, provide a modulatory control of neuronal network activity. Specifically, astrocytes in different brain regions have been described to respond to neuronal signals with intracellular Ca elevations that represent a key step in the functional recruitment of astrocytes to specific brain circuits. Accumulating evidence shows that Ca elevations regulate the release of gliotransmitters that, in turn, modulate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Recent studies also provided new insights into the spatial and temporal features of astrocytic Ca elevations revealing a surprising complexity of Ca signal dynamics in astrocytes. Here we discuss how recently developed experimental tools such as the genetically encoded Ca indicators (GECI), optogenetics and chemogenetics can be applied to the study of astrocytic Ca signals in the living brain.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00134 | DOI Listing |
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