Vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare but serious infectious disease that causes inflammation and destruction of the spinal vertebrae. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid adverse outcomes. This article reviews risk factors for vertebral osteomyelitis, disease mechanisms, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria. Medical imaging techniques for vertebral osteomyelitis are a main focus, and treatment, prognosis, and possible complications also are discussed. Finally, the special case of pediatric patients with vertebral osteomyelitis is presented.
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