Hydrothermal treatment of nickel acetate and phosphoric acid aqueous solution followed with a carbothermal reduction assisted phosphorization process using sucrose as the carbon source for the controlled synthesis of NiP/C was successfully realized for the first time. The critical synthesis factors, including reduction temperature, phosphorus/nickel ratio, pH, and sucrose amount were systematically investigated. Remarkably, the carbon serves as a reducer and plays a determinative role in the transformation of NiPO into NiP/C. The synthesis strategy is divided into four distinguishable stages: (1) hydrothermal preparation of Ni(PO)·8HO precursor for stabilizing P sources; (2) dimerization of Ni(PO)·8HO into more thermal stable NiPO amorphous phase along with the generation of NiO; (3) carbothermal reduction and phosphidation of NiO into NiP (0 ≤ y/x ≤ 0.5); and (4) further phosphidation of mixed-phase NiP and carbothermal reduction of NiPO into single-phase NiP. The resultant NiP, the highly active phase in electrocatalysis, was applied as counter electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The DSSC based on NiP with 10.4 wt.% carbon delivers a power conversion efficiency of 9.57%, superior to that of state-of-the-art Pt-based cell (8.12%). The abundant Ni and P active sites and the metal-like conductivity account for its outstanding catalytic performance.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03541DOI Listing

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