AI Article Synopsis
- Major depressive disorder is a complex mental health issue influenced by neurotransmission and neuroplasticity, with traditional theories like the monoamine hypothesis being insufficient for explaining it fully.
- New treatment approaches involve targeting the glutamatergic system, with substances like ketamine showing rapid antidepressant effects, and other modulators like sarcosine also demonstrating potential benefits.
- Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, are gaining attention as effective treatments by potentially improving neuroplasticity and alleviating depressive symptoms.
Article Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a severe and complex mental disorder. Impaired neurotransmission and disrupted signalling pathways may influence neuroplasticity, which is involved in the brain dysfunction in depression. Traditional neurobiological theories of depression, such as monoamine hypothesis, cannot fully explain the whole picture of depressive disorders. In this review, we discussed new treatment directions of depression, including modulation of glutamatergic system and noninvasive brain stimulation. Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has rapid and lasting antidepressive effects in previous studies. In addition to ketamine, other glutamatergic modulators, such as sarcosine, also show potential antidepressant effect in animal models or clinical trials. Noninvasive brain stimulation is another new treatment strategy beyond pharmacotherapy. Growing evidence has demonstrated that superficial brain stimulations, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, and magnetic seizure therapy, can improve depressive symptoms. The antidepressive effect of these brain stimulations may be through modulating neuroplasticity. In conclusion, drugs that modulate neurotransmission via NMDA receptor and noninvasive brain stimulation may provide new directions of treatment for depression. Furthermore, exploring the underlying mechanisms will help in developing novel therapies for depression in the future.
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|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405587 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4605971 | DOI Listing |
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