Transport of multi-walled carbon nanotubes stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose and starch in saturated porous media: Influences of electrolyte, clay and humic acid.

Sci Total Environ

Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Institute of Environmental Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China. Electronic address:

Published: December 2017

AI Article Synopsis

  • - The study examined how carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch can help in the transport of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through quartz sand when tested with electrolytes, clays, and humic acid.
  • - CMC was found to be more effective than starch in keeping MWNTs from sticking to the sand, resulting in better transport, especially against the effects of electrolytes like calcium.
  • - The presence of different clay types had mixed impacts: while kaolinite helped stabilize MWNTs' movement, montmorillonite hindered it, highlighting how natural materials can influence the environmental behavior of carbon nanotubes.

Article Abstract

This study investigated the transport behaviors of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch stabilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through a saturated quartz sand column in the presence of electrolytes, model clays, and natural organic matter (humic acid) through column breakthrough experiments and model simulations. Both stabilizers, CMC and starch, greatly enhanced the breakthrough of MWNTs, with a full breakthrough plateau (C/C) ranging from 0.69 to 0.90 at ionic strength from 0.3 to 10mM. Between the two stabilizers, CMC was more effective in resisting particle deposition, and thus CMC-stabilized MWNTs were more transportable through the medium. While non-stabilized MWNTs were much less transportable and were vulnerable to electrolyte effects (especially Ca), the stabilized counterparts were much more resistant to the coagulation effects of electrolytes. The presence of colloidal clay particles showed contrasting effects on the transport of bare and stabilized MWNTs. The full breakthrough C/C of bare MWNTs was suppressed by kaolinite and montmorillonite particles from 0.33 to <0.15 with 5mg/L clay, indicating that the presence of both clays enhanced the aggregation and deposition of MWNTs. However, kaolinite particles facilitated the transport of stabilized-MWNTs, while montmorillonite weakened the breakthrough of stabilized MWNTs. Humic acid had less effect on the mobility of stabilized-MWNTs than that of bare MWNTs. The advection-dispersion transport model incorporated with the filtration theory was able to simulate the breakthrough curves and quantitatively interpret the particle deposition. The results can facilitate our understanding of fate and transport of stabilized carbon nanotubes in the environment.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.222DOI Listing

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