Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Thrombin is a key player in tissue repair, inflammation, and fibrosis after injury.
Methods: Effects of thrombin on activated-TGF-β1 levels, Smad3 phosphorylation, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) synthesis in primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blot analysis.
Results: Thrombin and protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) agonist induced TGF-β1 activation and Smad3 phosphorylation. Pretreatment with TGF-β-neutralizing antibody completely inhibited thrombin-induced CCN2 synthesis. Neutralizing antibodies to integrin αv, β1, αvβ3, αvβ5, and Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 completely blocked thrombin-induced TGF-β1 activation, Smad3 phosphorylation, and CCN2 synthesis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced TGF-β1 activation.
Conclusion: Thrombin induces αvβ1, αvβ3, and αvβ5 integrins-mediated TGF-β1 activations via ROCK signaling. EGCG inhibits thrombin-induced CCN2 synthesis in BMFs by suppressing latent TGF-β1 activation.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.24791 | DOI Listing |
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