HMGB1 release by HO-induced hepatocytes is regulated through calcium overload and 58-F interference.

HMGB1 is passively released by injured or dying cells and aggravates inflammatory processes. The release of HMGB1 and calcium overload have each been reported to be important mediators of HO-induced injury. However, a potential connection between these two processes remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we employed HO-induced hepatocytes to investigate how calcium overload takes place during cellular injury and how the extracellular release of HMGB1 is regulated by this overload. In addition, we investigated the use of 58-F, a flavanone extracted from as a potential therapeutic drug. We show that the PLC1-IPR-SOC signalling pathway participates in the HO-induced disturbance of calcium homoeostasis and leads to calcium overload in hepatocytes. After a rise in intracellular calcium, two calcium-dependent enzymes, PKC and CaMKIV, are activated and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to modify HMGB1 phosphorylation. In turn, this promotes HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequent extracellular release. 58-F effectively rescued the hepatocytes by suppressing the PLC1-IPR-SOC signalling pathway and decreasing the calcium concentration in cells, thus reducing HMGB1 release.