Introduction: Tobacco companies vary pack colours, designs, descriptors, flavours and brand names on cigarette packs to target a multitude of consumers. These different brand variants can falsely imply that some brand variants are less harmful than others. Uruguay is the only country that requires cigarette companies to adhere to a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family.
Methods: An existing, systematic pack purchasing protocol was adapted for data collection. Neighbourhoods in Montevideo were categorised into five strata by percentage of poor households. Five neighbourhoods within each stratum were selected based on geographical variation. In each neighbourhood, a 'starting hub' was identified and a systematic walking protocol was implemented to purchase unique packs at four key vendor types.
Results: Unique packs were purchased in 9 out of 25 neighbourhoods. Fifty-six unique packs were purchased, representing 30 brands. Of these, 51 packs were legal, representing 26 brands. The majority of the legal brands (n=16; 62%) were compliant with the requirement. The remaining packs were non-compliant due to differences in colour, design element, brand name, crest and descriptors. Although not prohibited by the single presentation requirement, 16 legal brands had more than one stick count (10, 11, 14 or 20 sticks), and packs from four brands had more than one packaging type (hard, soft or tin).
Conclusion: Overall, compliance with Uruguay's single presentation requirement was good. In addition to the current restrictions, future single presentation requirements could expand to include packs in more than one stick count and packaging type.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870447 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053402 | DOI Listing |
Forensic Sci Med Pathol
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Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, P. R. China.
Forensic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an extremely important part of routine forensic practice. The present study aimed to develop and validate nomograms for predicting the probability of SCD with special regards to ischemic heart disease-induced SCD (IHD-induced SCD) based on multiple autopsy variables. A total of 3322 cases, were enrolled and randomly assigned into a training cohort (n = 2325) and a validation cohort (n = 997), respectively.
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Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
A 36-year-old woman diagnosed with complicated cholecystolithiasis underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), then converted to open cholecystectomy because of a massive intraoperative bleeding. Hemostasis was performed with clipping and suturing the source of bleeding. In post-operative period, the patient suffered from persistent anemia associated with hemoperitoneum diagnosed through abdominal CT scanning, in absence of any sign of active bleeding.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Nano
January 2025
School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
Designing dual-targeted nanomedicines to enhance tumor delivery efficacy is a complex challenge, largely due to the barrier posed by blood vessels during systemic delivery. Effective transport across endothelial cells is, therefore, a critical topic of study. Herein, we present a synthetic biology-based approach to engineer dual-targeted ferritin nanocages (Dt-FTn) for understanding receptor-mediated transport across tumor endothelial cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Nano
January 2025
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS), have emerged as a generation of nonprecious catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), largely due to their theoretical hydrogen adsorption energy close to that of platinum. However, efforts to activate the basal planes of TMDs have primarily centered around strategies such as introducing numerous atomic vacancies, creating vacancy-heteroatom complexes, or applying significant strain, especially for acidic media. These approaches, while potentially effective, present substantial challenges in practical large-scale deployment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInorg Chem
January 2025
Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
Metal-organic frameworks have received extensive development in the past three decades, which are generally constructed via the reaction between inorganic building units and commercially available or presynthesized organic linkers. However, the presynthesis of organic linkers is usually time-consuming and unsustainable due to multiple-step separation and purification. Therefore, methodology development of a new strategy is fundamentally important for the construction and further exploration of the applications of MOFs.
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