Forced oscillations dynamic tribometer with real-time insights of lubricated interfaces.

This paper presents an innovative forced oscillations dynamic tribometer, the CHRONOS tribometer, with a lubricated ball-on-flat contact configuration fitted out with an in situ optical visualization system and a triggered high-speed camera. The CHRONOS tribometer generates controlled oscillating kinematics by means of a shaker with a range of strokes from 5 μm to 2.5 mm and an oscillation frequency which can be adjusted from 5 Hz to 250 Hz. Displacement and velocity are measured using a vibrometer. The ball-on-flat mean contact pressure is set between 200 MPa and 600 MPa. During motion, the instantaneous normal and friction forces and the interfacial film thickness distribution (in the nanometer scale) are simultaneously measured. In addition to this instantaneous approach, a more macroscopic approach is developed in terms of moving averages of friction and velocity. Another parameter, the friction-velocity tilt angle, is also introduced. This last parameter may give information on the friction-velocity dependence. Eventually, the experiments performed on the CHRONOS device lead to the representation of synchronized temporal signals of displacement/velocity, friction, and lubricant central film thickness. This superimposition of key parameters reveals time effects introduced by the periodical fluid squeeze and flow in the contact.