Testing the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: Testosterone manipulation does not affect wound healing in male salamanders.

In vertebrates, a bidirectional relationship exists between the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In addition, sexual dimorphism in immunity has been documented in many vertebrates as well as some invertebrates, and males are generally less immunocompetent than their female counterparts. A possible explanation for this is described by the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH), which proposes that elevated testosterone (T) levels direct resources towards the promotion of secondary sexual characteristics at a cost to immune function. To further test the ICHH, we examined the effects of T on cutaneous wound healing, an integrative measure of immunity, using male Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders; a species that has sexually dimorphic courtship glands and testosterone-dependent mating behavior. We did this via two methods: surgical manipulation and transdermal delivery of T. In both experiments, elevated plasma T did not delay wound healing. Interestingly, intact animals healed more slowly than animals that had undergone prior invasive surgery, suggesting that the prior surgery had an immune-priming effect that enhanced healing of a second wound.