Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera.

The genus Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Lamarck, 1818, C. L. Koch, 1850, Ausserer, 1871, Karsch, 1881, Simon, 1892, Pocock, 1895, Pocock, 1899, Pocock, 1901, Pocock, 1901, , , and The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum's margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. is composed of twelve species, including three new species: (Linnaeus, 1818), Simon, 1891, (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., Pocock, 1903, (Mello-Leitão, 1920), Mello-Leitão, 1923, Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Kirk, 1990, Bullmer et al. 2006, , , and . species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former species: , composed of (C. L. Koch, 1842), and (Walckenaer, 1837), ; , with a single species, (Bertani & Huff, 2013), , both from the Caribbean; and , composed of (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), , (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), and (C. L. Koch, 1842), from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) . The following new synonymies are established: Simon 1889, Strand, 1907, Mello-Leitão, 1923, Mello-Leitão, 1930, and Mello-Leitão, 1940 are junior synonyms of Mello-Leitão, 1923 is a junior synonym of , and Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of Mello-Leitão, 1923. Species transferred to other genera: (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination (Nicolet, 1849), ; Strand, 1906 is transferred to Simon, 1892, making the new combination (Strand, 1906), ; (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination (Chamberlin, 1916), ; (C. L. Koch, 1841) and (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations (C. L. Koch, 1841), and (C. L. Koch, 1842), ; the two last species are considered . The following species are considered : (C. L. Koch, 1842) ; Ausserer, 1875 ; Keyserling, 1891 ; (Strand, 1908) ; (Fabricius, 1787) ; (Perty, 1833) ; (Perty, 1833) ; (C. L. Koch, 1841) ; (C. L. Koch, 1842) ; Ausserer, 1871 ; Ausserer, 1875 ; (Ausserer, 1875) ; Thorell, 1890 ; Bauer, 1996 ; Tesmoingt, 1996 ; Tesmoingt, 1996 ; Tesmoingt, 1996 ; Tesmoingt, 1999 ; Tesmoingt, 1999 ; Strand, 1907 ; Strand, 1907 ; Strand, 1907 ; and Strand, 1907 . (De Geer, 1778) is considered . Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as to , , and species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed for , , , , and a neotype is established for