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Background: 2.8 billion people cook with solid fuels, resulting in almost 3 million premature deaths from household air pollution (HAP). To date, no systematic assessment of impacts on HAP of 'improved' stove and clean fuel interventions has been conducted.
Objective: This systematic review synthesizes evidence for changes in kitchen and personal PM and carbon monoxide (CO) following introduction of 'improved' solid fuel stoves and cleaner fuels in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
Methods: Searches of published and unpublished literature were conducted through databases and specialist websites. Eligible studies reported mean (24 or 48h) small particulate matter (majority PM) and/or CO. Eligible interventions were solid fuel stoves (with/without chimneys, advanced combustion), clean fuels (liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, ethanol, electricity, solar) and mixed. Data extraction and quality appraisal were undertaken using standardized forms, and publication bias assessed. Baseline and post-intervention values and percentage changes were tabulated and weighted averages calculated. Meta-analyses of absolute changes in PM and CO were conducted.
Results: Most of the 42 included studies (112 estimates) addressed solid fuel stoves. Large reductions in pooled kitchen PM (ranging from 41% (29-50%) for advanced combustion stoves to 83% (64-94%) for ethanol stoves), and CO (ranging from 39% (11-55%) for solid fuel stoves without chimneys to 82% (75-95%) for ethanol stoves. Reductions in personal exposure of 55% (19-87%) and 52% (-7-69%) for PM and CO respectively, were observed for solid fuel stoves with chimneys. For the majority of interventions, post-intervention kitchen PM levels remained well above WHO air quality guideline (AQG) limit values, although most met the AQG limit value for CO. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not substantially alter findings; publication bias was evident for chimney stove interventions but this was restricted to before-and-after studies.
Conclusions: In everyday use in LMIC, neither 'improved' solid fuel stoves nor clean fuels (probably due to neighbourhood contamination) achieve PM concentrations close to 24-hour AQG limit values. Household energy policy should prioritise community-wide use of clean fuels.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.012 | DOI Listing |
Acc Chem Res
December 2024
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.
ConspectusThe surface of a catalyst is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of catalytic reactions at the molecular level and developing new catalysts with higher activity, selectivity, and durability. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) is a technique studying the surface of a sample in the gas phase, mainly identifying chemical identity, analyzing oxidation state, and measuring surface composition.In the last decade, numerous photoelectron spectroscopic methods for fundamental studies of key topics in catalysis using AP-XPS have been developed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemistry
December 2024
YUAN ZE UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, YUAN-TUNG RD., 320, TAOYUAN, TAIWAN.
Nano-sized high-entropy materials (HEMs) recently received more attention to researchers due to their superior electrochemical catalytic properties. HEMs comprise at least five elements with or without metals and are synthesized through solid-state reactions and solution-mediated techniques. The presence of many elements in these HEMs result in a high mixing entropy and facilitates the formation of stable solid solutions in fundamental crystal structures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
December 2024
Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 402 Siming Road, 361005, Xiamen, CHINA.
PtRu-based catalysts toward hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) suffer from low efficiency, CO poisoning and over-oxidation at high potentials. In this work, an amorphization strategy is adopted for preparation of amorphous SrRuPtOxHy nanobelts (a-SrRuPtOxHy NBs). The a-SrRuPtOxHy NBs have optimized adsorption of intermediates (H and OH), increased number of active sites, highly weakened CO poisoning and enhanced anti-oxidation ability owing to the special amorphous structure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Meas Sci Au
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
The gas-liquid-solid interface plays a crucial role in various electrochemical energy conversion devices, including fuel cells and electrolyzers. Understanding the effect of gas transfer on the electrochemistry at this three-phase interface is a grand challenge. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is an emerging technique for mapping the heterogeneity in electrochemical activity; it also inherently features a three-phase boundary at the nanodroplet cell.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEcotoxicol Environ Saf
December 2024
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou National Lab, Guangzhou, PR China. Electronic address:
Background: Exposure to solid fuels might result in substantial indoor air contamination that can detrimentally affect respiratory wellness. Yet the connection between use of such fuels and the incidence as well as the progression of asthma needs further clarification. This investigation endeavors to conduct an integrative cross-sectional and longitudinal study to examined the link between solid fuel utilization and asthma.
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