Implementation research: towards universal health coverage with more doctors in Brazil.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of a programme to provide primary care physicians for remote and deprived populations in Brazil.

Methods: The (More Doctors) programme was launched in July 2013 with public calls to recruit physicians for priority areas. Other strategies were to increase primary care infrastructure investments and to provide more places at medical schools. We conducted a quasi-experimental, before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of the programme in 1708 municipalities with populations living in extreme poverty and in remote border areas. We compared physician density, primary care coverage and avoidable hospitalizations in municipalities enrolled ( = 1450) and not enrolled ( = 258) in the programme. Data extracted from health information systems and Ministry of Health publications were analysed.

Findings: By September 2015, 4917 physicians had been added to the 16 524 physicians already in place in municipalities with remote and deprived populations. The number of municipalities with ≥ 1.0 physician per 1000 inhabitants doubled from 163 in 2013 to 348 in 2015. Primary care coverage in enrolled municipalities (based on 3000 inhabitants per primary care team) increased from 77.9% in 2012 to 86.3% in 2015. Avoidable hospitalizations in enrolled municipalities decreased from 44.9% in 2012 to 41.2% in 2015, but remained unchanged in control municipalities. We also documented higher infrastructure investments in enrolled municipalities and an increase in the number of medical school places over the study period.

Conclusion: Other countries having shortages of physicians could benefit from the lessons of Brazil's programme towards achieving universal right to health.