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New clues to the elusive aetiology of nodding syndrome.
Brain Commun
September 2023
Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
Nodding syndrome is a paediatric epileptic encephalopathy of unknown aetiology that affects children in impoverished communities of Eastern Africa subject to internal displacement. Set in southcentral South Sudan, where nodding syndrome first surfaced circa 1990, an important new study of recent-onset cases of nodding syndrome examined parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional factors associated with the brain disease. Infection with the nematode , but not with , was the most prominent finding in nodding syndrome cases versus controls.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRates and predictors of teen driver crash culpability.
J Safety Res
September 2023
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
Background: Motor-vehicle crash risk is highest among teen drivers. Despite a wealth of research on the topic, there are still many contributors to these crashes that are not well understood. The current study sought to examine the contribution of graduated driver licensing (GDL) restrictions, sex, age, roadway circumstances, and citation history to teen drivers' crash culpability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContact reduces substance use stigma through bad character attributions, especially for U.S. health care professionals.
Psychol Addict Behav
September 2023
Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences.
Objective: People with substance use disorders (SUDs) are faced with pervasive stigma. Education-based interventions tend to emphasize biological causes of dependency; however, health care professionals still stigmatize people who use substances despite being more knowledgeable about biological causes. There may be an important moderating role of personal contact since health care professionals may treat people in the throes of dependency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCulpability for offenses in frontotemporal dementia and other brain disorders.
Int J Law Psychiatry
November 2023
Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Neurology Service, Neurobehavior Unit, Los Angeles, CA, United States; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States. Electronic address:
The responsibility of persons with brain disorders who commit offenses may depend on how their disorders alter brain mechanisms for culpability. Criminal behavior can result from brain disorders that alter social cognition including a neuromoral system of intuitive moral emotions that are absolute (deontological) normative codes and that includes an emotion-mediated evaluation of intentionality. This neuromoral system has its hub in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) with other frontal, anterior temporal-amygdalar, insular, and right temporoparietal connections.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFShould the Criterion for Brain Death Require Irreversible or Permanent Cessation of Function? Irreversible: The UDDA Revision Series.
Neurology
July 2023
From the Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.R.J.), Department of Pediatrics, and John Dossetor Health Ethics Center (A.R.J.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
I argue that death is irreversible and not merely permanent. Irreversible means a state be reversed and entails permanence. Permanent means a state be reversed and includes cases where the state could still be reversed though a decision has been made not to attempt this reversal.
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