Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Major Compounds from Calea ternifolia.

Demethylisoencecalin () and caleins A () and C () (3.16-31.6 mg/kg, p.o.), the major components from an infusion of controlled postprandial glucose levels during an oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT, 3 g/kg) in normal and nicotinamide/streptozotocin (NA/STZ, 40/100 mg/kg) hyperglicemic mice. The effects were comparable to those of acarbose (5 mg/kg). During the isolation of , , and , four additional metabolites not previously reported for the plant, were obtained, namely 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-2-chromene (), herniarin (), scoparone (), and 4',7-dimethylapigenin (). In addition, the structure of calein C () was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Pharmacological evaluation of the essential oil of the species (31.6-316.2 mg/kg, p.o.) provoked also an important decrement of blood glucose levels during an OSTT. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-adsorbed compounds and active essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation revealed that chromene was the major component (19.92%); sesquiterpenes represented the highest percentage of the essential oil content (55.67%) and included curcumene (7.10%), spathulenol (12.95%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.0%). A suitable High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for quantifying chromenes and 6-hydroxyacetyl-5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2-chromene () was developed and validated according to standard protocols.