Background: We previously showed the practical and ethical feasibility of using [C]-microdosing for pharmacokinetic studies in children. We now aimed to show that this approach can be used to elucidate developmental changes in drug metabolism, more specifically, glucuronidation and sulfation, using [C]paracetamol (AAP).
Methods: Infants admitted to the intensive care unit received a single oral [C]AAP microdose while receiving intravenous therapeutic AAP every 6 h. [C]AAP pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. [C]AAP and metabolites were measured with accelerator mass spectrometry. The plasma area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity and urinary recovery ratios were related to age as surrogate markers of metabolism.
Results: Fifty children [median age 6 months (range 3 days-6.9 years)] received a microdose (3.3 [2.0-3.5] ng/kg; 64 [41-71] Bq/kg). Plasma [C]AAP apparent total clearance was 0.4 (0.1-2.6) L/h/kg, apparent volume of distribution was 1.7 (0.9-8.2) L/kg, and the half-life was 2.8 (1-7) h. With increasing age, plasma and urinary AAP-glu/AAP and AAP-glu/AAP-sul ratios significantly increased by four fold, while the AAP-sul/AAP ratio significantly decreased.
Conclusion: Using [C]labeled microdosing, the effect of age on orally administered AAP metabolism was successfully elucidated in both plasma and urine. With minimal burden and risk, microdosing is attractive to study developmental changes in drug disposition in children.
Despite the crucial role that the recall of autobiographical memories (AMs) plays for identity, the process of how we recall AMs, and whether retrieval processes undergo , has received little attention. The present study thus examined the order of AMs during recall, with a specific focus on time and centrality as guiding dimensions. A total of 364 participants (aged 18-89 years) recalled up to ten positive and negative AMs.
Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may promote growth and stress resilience of plants, particularly under water-deficit conditions. However, interactions among mycorrhizal fungi, wheat plants, and aphids like the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under water-deficit stress are still not well understood. Here, we examined the colonization of the fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Glomerales: Claroideoglomeraceae) on wheat, and its effects on development and behavior of S.
Plants can sustain various degrees of damage or compensate for tissue loss by regrowth without significant fitness costs. This tolerance to insect herbivory depends on the plant's developmental stage during which the damage is inflicted and on how much tissue is removed. Plant fitness correlates, that is, biomass and germination of seeds, were determined at different ontogenetic stages, vegetative, budding, or flowering stages of three annual brassicaceous species exposed to feeding by Pieris brassicae caterpillars at different intensities.
Introduction: Improved effectiveness and treatment adherence is needed in smoking cessation (SC) therapies. Another important challenge is to disrupt maladaptive drug-related memories. To achieve these goals, we developed a novel treatment strategy on the basis of motion-assisted memory desensitization and reprocessing (3MDR).
Introduction: The association of screen time and physical activity with body weight in children has been investigated in cross-sectional and prospective studies, as well as randomized controlled trials. The present study extends previous research by examining how longitudinal within-person changes in screen time and physical activity relate to changes in Body Mass Index (BMI) in children, and how changes in screen time and physical activity relate to each other.
Methods: The data for the present study came from the PIER Youth Study.
