Gene editing technologies are a group of recent innovations in plant breeding using molecular biology, which have in common the capability of introducing a site-directed mutation or deletion in the genome. The first cases of crops improved with these technologies are approaching the market; this has raised an international debate regarding if they should be regulated as genetically modified crops or just as another form of mutagenesis under conventional breeding. This dilemma for policymakers not only entails issues pertaining safety information and legal/regulatory definitions. It also demands borrowing tools developed in the field of social studies of science and technology, as an additional basis for sound decision making.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5592976 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1271856 | DOI Listing |
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EndoVIA for quantifying A-to-I editing and mapping the subcellular localization of edited transcripts.
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Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States. Electronic address:
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), is a prevalent post-transcriptional modification that is vital for numerous biological functions. Given that this modification impacts global gene expression, RNA localization, and innate cellular immunity, dysregulation of A-to-I editing has unsurprisingly been linked to a variety of cancers and other diseases. However, our current understanding of the underpinning mechanisms that connect dysregulated A-to-I editing and disease processes remains limited.
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Methods Enzymol
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Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address:
Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most prevalent type of RNA editing, in which adenosine within a completely or largely double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is converted to inosine by deamination. RNA editing was shown to be involved in many neurological diseases and cancer; therefore, detection of A-to-I RNA editing and quantitation of editing levels are necessary for both basic and clinical biomedical research. While high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is widely used for global detection of editing events, Sanger sequencing is the method of choice for precise characterization of editing site clusters (hyper-editing) and for comparing levels of editing at a particular site under different environmental conditions, developmental stages, genetic backgrounds, or disease states.
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Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, P.R. China. Electronic address:
As a promising therapeutic approach, the RNA editing process can correct pathogenic mutations and is reversible and tunable, without permanently altering the genome. RNA editing mediated by human ADAR proteins offers unique advantages, including high specificity and low immunogenicity. Compared to CRISPR-based gene editing techniques, RNA editing events are temporary, which can reduce the risk of long-term unintended side effects, making off-target edits less concerning than DNA-targeting methods.
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Area of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomicity, Ishikawa, Japan. Electronic address:
Site-directed RNA editing (SDRE) holds significant promise for treating genetic disorders resulting from point mutations. Gene therapy, for common genetic illnesses is becoming more popular and, although viable treatments for genetic disorders are scarce, stop codon mutation-related conditions may benefit from gene editing. Effective SDRE generally depends on introducing many guideRNA molecules relative to the target gene; however, large ratios cannot be achieved in the context of gene therapy applications.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCellREADR: An ADAR-based RNA sensor-actuator device.
Methods Enzymol
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Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States. Electronic address:
RNAs are central mediators of genetic information flow and gene regulation that underlie diverse cell types and cell states across species. Thus, methods that can sense and respond to RNA profiles in living cells will have broad applications in biology and medicine. CellREADR - Cell access through RNA sensing by Endogenous ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA), is a programmable RNA sensor-actuator technology that couples the detection of a cell-defining RNA to the translation of an effector protein to monitor and manipulate the cell.
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