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Unraveling the causal pathways of maternal smoking and breastfeeding in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization perspective.

J Affect Disord

December 2024

Department of Sleep and Psychology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401147, China; Department of Sleep and Psychology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, China. Electronic address:

Background: Maternal smoking around birth (MSAB) and early-life breastfeeding (BAB) represent critical factors that may exert enduring effects on neuropsychiatric health. Although previous research has examined these exposures separately, the combined impact of both on disorders such as ADHD, ASD, BD, MDD, ANX, and SCZ remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the causal relationships between MSAB and BAB and the risk of developing these neuropsychiatric disorders through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

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