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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27919824</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>08</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-0631</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>170</Volume><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Life sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Life Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Melatonin's role as a co-adjuvant treatment in colonic diseases: A review.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>72</StartPage><EndPage>81</EndPage><MedlinePgn>72-81</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.031</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0024-3205(16)30684-1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland as well as many other organs, including the enterochromaffin cells of the digestive mucosa. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that resists oxidative stress due to its capacity to directly scavenge reactive species, to modulate the antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and to stimulate the innate immune response through its direct and indirect actions. In addition, the dysregulation of the circadian system is observed to be related with alterations in colonic motility and cell disruptions due to the modifications of clock genes expression. In the gastrointestinal tract, the activities of melatonin are mediated by melatonin receptors (MT2), serotonin (5-HT), and cholecystokinin B (CCK2) receptors and via receptor-independent processes. The levels of melatonin in the gastrointestinal tract exceed by 10-100 times the blood concentrations. Also, there is an estimated 400 times more melatonin in the gut than in the pineal gland. Gut melatonin secretion is suggested to be influenced by the food intake. Low dose melatonin treatment accelerates intestinal transit time whereas high doses may decrease gut motility. Melatonin has been studied as a co-adjuvant treatment in several gastrointestinal diseases including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C), diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The purpose of this review is to provide information regarding the potential benefits of melatonin as a co-adjuvant treatment in gastrointestinal diseases, especially IBS, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Esteban-Zubero</LastName><ForeName>Eduardo</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: eezubero@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>L&#xf3;pez-Pingarr&#xf3;n</LastName><ForeName>Laura</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alatorre-Jim&#xe9;nez</LastName><ForeName>Mois&#xe9;s Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ochoa-Moneo</LastName><ForeName>Purificaci&#xf3;n</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buisac-Ram&#xf3;n</LastName><ForeName>Celia</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Primary Care Unit, Sector Zaragoza III, Avenida San Juan Bosco 5, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rivas-Jim&#xe9;nez</LastName><ForeName>Miguel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cast&#xe1;n-Ruiz</LastName><ForeName>Silvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Primary Care Unit, Sector Zaragoza III, Avenida San Juan Bosco 5, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anto&#xf1;anzas-Lombarte</LastName><ForeName>&#xc1;ngel</ForeName><Initials>&#xc1;</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tan</LastName><ForeName>Dun-Xian</ForeName><Initials>DX</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garc&#xed;a</LastName><ForeName>Jos&#xe9; Joaqu&#xed;n</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza. Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reiter</LastName><ForeName>Russel J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Electronic address: reiter@uthscsa.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Life Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0375521</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0024-3205</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D044094">Receptors, Melatonin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>333DO1RDJY</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012701">Serotonin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>JL5DK93RCL</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008550">Melatonin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D049109" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Proliferation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003092" MajorTopicYN="N">Colitis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003093" MajorTopicYN="N">Colitis, Ulcerative</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003108" MajorTopicYN="N">Colonic Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020345" MajorTopicYN="N">Enterocolitis, Necrotizing</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005767" MajorTopicYN="N">Gastrointestinal Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D041981" MajorTopicYN="N">Gastrointestinal Tract</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007413" MajorTopicYN="N">Intestinal Mucosa</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D043183" MajorTopicYN="N">Irritable Bowel Syndrome</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008550" MajorTopicYN="N">Melatonin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010870" MajorTopicYN="N">Pineal Gland</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D044094" MajorTopicYN="N">Receptors, Melatonin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012307" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012701" MajorTopicYN="N">Serotonin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012890" MajorTopicYN="N">Sleep</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058504" MajorTopicYN="N">Th17 Cells</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018418" MajorTopicYN="N">Th2 Cells</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000166" MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Crohn's disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Gastrointestinal diseases</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Irritable bowel syndrome</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Melatonin</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Necrotizing enterocolitis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ulcerative colitis</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27919824</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.031</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0024-3205(16)30684-1</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle></PubmedArticleSet>