Determining time-weighted average concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in freshwaters using DGT with ion exchange membrane-based binding layers.

Commercially-available AMI-7001 anion exchange and CMI-7000 cation exchange membranes were utilised as binding layers for DGT measurements of NO-N and NH-N in freshwaters. These ion exchange membranes are easier to prepare and handle than DGT binding layers consisting of hydrogels cast with ion exchange resins. The membranes showed good uptake and elution efficiencies for both NO-N and NH-N. The membrane-based DGTs are suitable for pH 3.5-8.5 and ionic strength ranges (0.0001-0.014 and 0.0003-0.012 mol L as NaCl for the AMI-7001 and CMI-7000 membrane, respectively) typical of most natural freshwaters. The binding membranes had high intrinsic binding capacities for NO-N and NH-N of 911 ± 88 μg and 3512 ± 51 μg, respectively. Interferences from the major competing ions for membrane-based DGTs are similar to DGTs employing resin-based binding layers but with slightly different selectivity. This different selectivity means that the two DGT types can be used in different types of freshwaters. The laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that AMI-DGT and CMI-DGT can be an alternative to A520E-DGT and PrCH-DGT for measuring NO-N and NH-N, respectively, as (i) membrane-based DGT have a consistent composition, (ii) avoid the use of toxic chemicals, (iii) provided highly representative results (C : C between 0.81 and 1.3), and (iv) agreed with resin-based DGTs to within 85-120%.