Background/aim: We reported that vitamin D3 increased transforming growth factor (TGF)β2 and decreased prostaglandin (PG)E in the breast of normal-risk women, suggesting a protective effect. We determined if the findings held for higher risk women.
Patients And Methods: Seventy-eight women received daily for one month/menstrual cycle: placebo, 400 international units (IU) vitamin D3, 2,000 IU vitamin D3 or 2,000 IU vitamin D3/400 mg celecoxib. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and/or serum were analyzed for PGE, TGFβ1,-2, vitaminD binding protein (DBP) 25(OH)D; and plasma for celecoxib.
Results: 25(OH)D increased (p<0.001) in women receiving 2,000 IU vitamin D3. Two thousand IU vitamin D3 lowered NAF PGE in normal-risk women (p=0.029), whereas 2,000 IU vitamin D3/celecoxib lowered NAF PGE in high-risk women (p=0.063). Serum TGFβ1 was influenced by treatment (p=0.011). NAF TGFβ2 increase correlated with increase in 25(OH)D. DBP serum levels were higher than matched NAF, regardless of race, and did not appreciably change with treatment.
Conclusion: Vitamin D3 influenced TGFβ1 and -β2 expression. PGE response to vitamin D3 treatment was influenced by a participant's breast cancer risk. The implications of these observations regarding breast cancer risk should be further evaluated.
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